Los visitantes de fuera de la UE tienen derecho a obtener un reembolso del IVA pagado sobre los bienes que han adquirido durante su estancia en la Unión Europea. Poder deducirte el IVA de las compras que realizas en el extranjero supondría un importante ahorro para cualquier turista.
El primer punto que hay que dejar claro es que los residentes en la Unión Europea que visiten países comunitarios no pueden beneficiarse de ello. La compra libre de IVA sólo es posible para residentes de países no pertenecientes a la UE. Los residentes de países de la UE deben siempre pagar el IVA, incluso en sus compras en otros países miembros. Los españoles que no residan en España o en la Unión Europea y se dirijan a un tercer país, así como los residentes en Canarias, Ceuta y Melilla, tienen derecho a la devolución del IVA en sus compras efectuadas en el resto del territorio nacional.
¿Quién tiene derecho a deducirse el IVA cuando visita nuestro país?
iva-calculoLos visitantes de fuera de la UE tienen derecho a obtener un reembolso del IVA pagado sobre los bienes que han adquirido durante su estancia en la Unión Europea, siempre que los bienes se declaren en la Aduana a la salida de la UE, junto con los documentos de devolución del IVA.
¿Qué necesitas para solicitar la devolución?
En primer lugar, por supuesto, un pasaporte extracomunitario. Estar en posesión de las facturas y cheques tax free que certifiquen que la compra ha sido realizada en los últimos tres meses. Además debes tener en cuenta que en función del país varía el valor mínimo que deben sumar las facturas que presentes. En el caso de España éstas deben ascender a 90,15 euros. En Italia son 154,95 euros, Francia 175 euros y en Bélgica 125 euros. Mientras, según datos de la Comisión Europea, Reino Unido y Alemania no tienen establecido ningún límite.
¿Cómo puedo hacerlo?
Al hacer una compra en una tienda debes avisar en la tienda de que vas a solicitar la devolución del impuesto. En muchos locales puedes ver la pegatina «Tax Free» en algún punto del establecimiento. No hay que pensar que esto significará una devolución automática del IVA, a modo de descuento sobre el precio final al que se presenta el producto. Lo usual es que te entreguen unos formularios en los que registras tus compras, documentación que debes guardar para efectuar la posterior gestión de reembolso.
¿Cuántas formas hay de gestionar la devolución?
Básicamente existen dos. La primera es que el propio viajero remite la factura emitida por el comercio y diligenciada por la aduana al establecimiento donde efectuó la compra. Es posteriormente, en un plazo de quince días, el propio establecimiento el que repercute todo el IVA pagado mediante cheque o transferencia bancaria. El segundo modo es solicitar el reembolso a través de entidades colaboradoras previamente autorizadas por la Agencia Tributaria, aunque en este caso se te va a descontar una comisión.
–¿Se puede deducir el IVA de cualquier compra?
No. Estas devoluciones solo se pueden realizar sobre bienes de consumo duradero. Se puede tener problemas con los recambios para vehículos. Es decir, no es aplicable sobre servicios como hoteles, transporte, ni comida o bebida que se consume dentro de la Unión.
En el caso de la actividad profesional, las empresas que realicen compras desde España que lleven aparejado el traslado de bienes desde un país de la Unión Europea deben darse de alta como operadores intracomunitarios, para de este modo no soportar el IVA. Por otro lado, si por motivos profesionales los gastos se realizan en un país de la Unión Europea este IVA no podrá ser deducido a priori, pero podrá pedir su devolución a través del modelo 360 de la Agencia Tributaria (Devolución del IVA soportado en otros Estados miembro por empresarios o profesionales establecidos en el territorio de aplicación del Impuesto) Si no se hace, el IVA tendrá la consideración de mayor importe del gasto y podrá desgravarse para el cálculo del rendimiento de la actividad.
El IVA soportado en países de fuera de la Unión Europea también puede recuperarse, siempre y cuando exista un acuerdo de reciprocidad con España. Actualmente existen acuerdos con Canadá, Japón, Mónaco, Suiza, Israel o Noruega, entre otros. Aunque existen límites en función de la operación realizada.
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