La evolución de la economía y la vuelta al crecimiento, después de la crisis vivida estos últimos años, configura un nuevo escenario para las pymes, no exento de riesgos y desafíos. Así se desprende del profundo análisis sobre Las pymes ante el nuevo modelo de crecimiento empresarial, elaborado por la Confederación Española de la Pequeña y Mediana Empresa (CEPYME) con motivo de las próximas Elecciones Generales del 20 de diciembre, en el que se recoge un amplio catálogo de propuestas para afrontar estos desafíos en ámbitos claves de la gestión de las pymes como son la financiación, la internacionalización, la innovación, la digitalización o el capital humano.
Tal como señala el presidente de CEPYME en la presentación del informe, “la continuidad de la actual fase de crecimiento económico y del empleo depende fundamentalmente de la mejora de la competitividad y del crecimiento de las pequeñas y medianas empresas”. Pese a la mejoría registrada y a la recuperación gradual de las ventas y los márgenes de estas empresas, especialmente durante este año, la rentabilidad sobre los recursos propios de las pymes se sitúa aún en el 1’5%, lejos de la media del 4% que se registraba antes de la crisis.
Por ello, CEPYME quiere con este informe trazar un profundo análisis de la realidad de las pymes españolas y los retos a los que se enfrentan, así como de las propuestas que, desde el punto de vista de la Confederación, deberían tenerse en cuenta ante las próximas elecciones generales del 20 de diciembre para favorecer la actividad de las empresas de menor dimensión, desde el convencimiento de que las pymes son protagonistas indiscutibles de la recuperación de la economía y del empleo y de que es necesario perseverar en el proceso de reformas económicas emprendido.
Este documento refleja que las pymes siguen teniendo características estructurales que definen su entorno económico y condicionan el desarrollo de su actividad, pero también que son el motor para la recuperación económica y del empleo, que sin ellas no será una realidad.
Las propuestas de CEPYME se engloban en siete capítulos, correspondientes a cada uno de los principales retos a los que las pequeñas y medianas empresas españolas deberán hacer frente en los próximos meses: la mejora de la financiación, el impulso de la internacionalización, la innovación, la digitalización, el coste y eficiencia energética, la simplificación normativa y la gestión del talento y el capital humano.
Financiación
CEPYME propone fortalecer el acceso de las pymes a la financiación bancaria y promover la financiación no bancaria, a través de distintos instrumentos y canales de financiación. En esta línea, es necesario apoyar y ampliar todas aquellas infraestructuras de información que permitan la evaluación del riesgo de crédito de las pymes, impulsando los avances que la digitalización puede suponer en estos procesos.
CEPYME indica también la necesidad de establecer y desarrollar agencias nacionales de rating que provean estos servicios a las empresas de menor dimensión, con el objetivo de proporcionar información relevante a los intermediarios financieros.
Un apartado importante en la mejora de la financiación lo constituye la lucha contra la morosidad. En este ámbito, CEPYME pide el cumplimiento estricto de los plazos de pago que establece la normativa, tanto en el ámbito público como en el privado, así como una modificación de la actual normativa, para corregir algunos defectos que sirven de amparo a los “deudores profesionales”.
Internacionalización
El número de empresas exportadoras ha crecido desde el inicio de la crisis, gracias al impulso de las pymes y a la apertura a nuevos mercados más allá de la UE. Prácticamente la totalidad de las empresas exportadoras españolas son pymes (97’8%), si bien representan menos del 50% del volumen total de las exportaciones. Existen factores que dificultan los procesos de internacionalización de las pymes españolas, entre ellos, los derivados de la propia dimensión de las empresas y la falta de financiación para afrontar los llamados “costes hundidos”, aquellos asociados al inicio de la actividad exportadora.
Entre las propuestas de CEPYME para impulsar la internacionalización de las pymes destacan la necesidad de contar con un marco fiscal que incentive la actividad y crear plataformas comerciales en destino, especializadas en la prestación de servicios y capaces de prestar el apoyo preciso a las pymes en su reto de salir al exterior.
Innovación
El fomento de la innovación entre las pymes tiene un doble efecto beneficioso para la economía española, ya que permite a las empresas mejorar su capacidad competitiva e incrementar la productividad para el conjunto de la economía.
Conscientes de esta realidad, CEPYME considera imprescindible alcanzar un compromiso de los empresarios y del resto de agentes del Sistema Español de Ciencia-Tecnología-Empresa para adecuar la innovación a las necesidades reales que demandan las pymes y rentabilizar así los resultados de la investigación. En concreto, la Confederación considera necesario contar con una adecuada provisión de instrumentos financieros destinados a la financiación de la innovación, suficientemente diversificados y con condiciones financieras accesibles para las pymes. Además, para ampliar la cobertura de estas ayudas a un mayor número de empresas, es preciso modificar la cuantía mínima de participación en proyectos financiables y ampliar y adaptar el concepto de innovación a las características de las pymes, contemplando, además de la puramente tecnológica, la innovación organizativa y comercial, así como la implantación de sistemas de gestión avanzada.
Digitalización
Es urgente que las pymes se sumen a la revolución digital y, para ello, es necesario convencer a los sectores productivos de que esta transformación es imprescindible e impulsar una mejora del marco regulatorio con el objetivo de incentivar las inversiones en la transformación digital de los sectores productivos.
Energía
La energía es uno de los factores con mayor repercusión en las cuentas de las empresas, llegando a representar un 6% del total de consumos intermedios, porcentaje que puede ser mayor en algunos sectores como el transporte, el comercio, la industria química o las actividades extractivas. En este sentido, es necesario apoyar la mejora de la tecnología en equipos y procesos industriales de las empresas de menor dimensión, así como la implantación de sistemas de gestión energética asociados a la digitalización.
Normativa
El clima en el que se desenvuelve la actividad de las pymes viene decisivamente determinado por la proliferación de regulaciones normativas y trámites administrativos.
En particular, CEPYME exige la efectiva aplicación del principio “Pensar primero a pequeña escala” desde una premisa de neutralidad y eliminando cualquier obstáculo normativo o regulatorio que impida el aumento de dimensión de las empresas.
Igualmente, es preciso establecer un sistema efectivo de vigilancia del mercado por parte de las distintas administraciones, sin que ello repercuta en mayores costes para las empresas, con el fin de erradicar prácticas de competencia desleal por parte de empresas incumplidoras, así como acabar con la economía sumergida.
Talento y capital humano
El talento y el capital humano son, junto con la innovación, la gestión del conocimiento, la capacitación y la cualificación proveniente de la formación profesional, elementos claves para impulsar la productividad de las empresas.
Por ello, CEPYME cree que hay que hacer una apuesta decidida por la formación profesional dual para las pymes. Es imprescindible modificar el modelo de formación profesional para el empleo, aumentando el protagonismo de las empresas, que son quienes financian en su casi totalidad, decidiendo la formación en función de sus necesidades, con total libertad en la elección de los centros de formación y devolviendo a las empresa el 0,6% aportado en concepto de formación profesional.
Asimismo, debe avanzarse en un marco institucional de las relaciones laborales, adaptado a las nuevas relaciones económicas, que ofrezca opciones que permitan reducir costes no salariales, mejore los mecanismos de flexibilidad interna e incentive la creación de empleo, y facilitar e impulsar la contratación por parte de las pymes, avanzando en la simplificación y racionalización de los actuales modelos de contratación.
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